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MCToon Big List

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The photographs

Neil Armstrong walking to the crater

  • Apollo 11 closeout, ALSJ. Search for "At that large crater."
  • The signal was 320 lines at 10 frames per second. The conversion for broadcast was a video camera pointed at a high-quality 10-inch (25 cm) TV monitor.
  • Neil heading to the crater: YouTube, 1:50:05.
  • Neil returning: YouTube, 1:53:22.
  • The trip, the frames, and the color panorama: ALSJ.

Vehicles left on the Moon

The frames are on Vehicles left on the Moon.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera

LRO is not run by NASA. It is the University of Arizona and several other organizations. The team list.

LROC is a set of cameras on the LRO satellite, orbiting the Moon between 50 and 200 km. About LROC.

They have photographed the landing sites more than once, at different times of the lunar day. The footpath to the crater is on the Apollo 11 frames (featured site 1).

India

Chandrayaan-2 orbited the Moon and photographed the surface, including some of the Apollo landing sites. PRADAN, Chandrayaan-2.

OHRC, the orbiter high resolution camera:

LRO and India's space agency are not NASA. They are not under NASA oversight. A lot of people work in each place. An accusation of fakery has to come with evidence.

Hammer and Feather

The same drop is on Apollo 15 hammer and feather.

  • Apollo 15 had a live video of a hammer and a feather dropping: the drop. David Scott is 6 feet tall. He dropped them from about 4 feet, 1.2 meters.
  • The fall took 36 frames.
  • Prediction for the Moon. Gravity is 1.625 m/s2.
    • x = v0 * t + 1/2 * a * t2
    • x is height, v0 is 0, so x = 1/2 * a * t2
    • t = sqrt(2 * x / a) = 1.215 seconds
  • Same drop on Earth, 9.8 m/s2: 0.495 seconds.
  • The video is 29.97 frames per second. 36 / 29.97 = 1.201 seconds.
  • The Moon prediction matches the demonstration.

All of the arithmetic: onlinegdb.com.

Independent audio recordings

Larry Baysinger and his homemade antenna, 1969.
Larry Baysinger and his homemade antenna, 1969.

The Apollo craft on the Moon transmitted live radio to Earth. Some people received it with homemade antennas or large dishes, and some of them recorded it.

The antenna had to be aimed at the Moon. Pointed somewhere else, there was no signal. That rules out a transmitter on the ground or in Earth orbit. You do not get this signal from this aim unless the source is at the Moon.

The recordings have one side of the conversation: the astronauts. Houston is not on the tape, which is what you expect if you are only hearing the Moon.

Larry Baysinger

In July 1969 Larry Baysinger built a homemade radio antenna and received the transmissions from the Moon. Local reporter Glenn Rutherford was there and recorded the audio. They got 35 minutes, including the walk.

Bochum Observatory

This observatory in West Germany used its 20 meter telescope to record the descent and landing of Apollo 11, including "The Eagle has landed."

The audio on their page is two channels:

  • Right: Bochum. Lunar transmissions only.
  • Left: Honeysuckle, the signal that came from Goldstone. This one has CAPCOM.

honeysucklecreek.net.

Photo processing

The Apollo Detectives, Moon-landing hoaxers, tried testing film in vacuum (aulis.com) and had several problems (the writeup):

  • They did not use the same film. Apollo 11 color film was SO-368. SO means Special Order.
  • The developing process in 1969-1972 was E-3 or E-4. They did not use that.
  • They put a spotlight on the film to heat it. The Apollo canisters were reflective and would not get that hot.
  • They held the film under vacuum for 3 days. Apollo did not. The extreme low pressure was mostly the time on the Moon during the EVAs.
  • The development process is described in the Apollo documentation, pages 117-120: Apollo photography, equipment and techniques, 1972.
    • "A test section from the beginning of every roll of film is given a series of precisely controlled exposures, each consisting of an exact quantity of light of a specific color. After the film is used and processed, scientific measurements of these test exposures, known in the trade as sensitometric strips, are compared with standards to determine any existing variations."
    • "After it has been reassembled and the chemicals prepared, samples of the type of film from the same roll used on the mission, again with the test exposures or sensitometric strips, are processed so that the chemicals and equipment are at predetermined optimum operation. Such test strips are processed and evaluated immediately before space film is processed, the procedure being repeated at frequent periodic intervals to insure the continued stability of the chemical solutions."
  • They did not replicate that process.
  • What they did prove is that the film still works after a longer vacuum and a higher temperature than Apollo used. The color balance was different, and that is what the sensitometric strips are for. They did not run those.
  • The photo below is the rest of the credibility. Vacuum and heat on the left, "control" on the right. The left strip is the emulsion side. The right strip is the substrate side. The emulsion side is always duller and a different color. That is not a research mistake. It is the comparison.
Left, vacuum and heat, emulsion side. Right, the control, substrate side.
Left, vacuum and heat, emulsion side. Right, the control, substrate side.

Camera usage

Focus. Three settings: near, mid, far. ALSJ, Apollo 12.

Aperture. f/5.6, f/8, or f/11, for shadow, mid, and light.

Shutter. 1/250 or 1/125.

The Apollo 11 Hasselblad: National Air and Space Museum.

Restored video

From the source tapes: NASA.

Photo archives

The slides can be visited: Houston.

Telemetry

Apollo 15 Personal Life Support System: NTRS PDF. Battery current and voltage, water delta temperature, gas outlet temperature, feedwater pressure, oxygen supply pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, inlet temperature.

Apollo 12 dust detector: NTRS PDF. The graph shows the Lunar Module taking off, blowing the dust off the solar cell, and the output rising as the Sun climbed.

Apollo 17 LEAM: the paper, and a PDF: "A new look at Apollo 17 LEAM data: Nighttime dust activity in 1976."

Archive: Washington University, Apollo data.

Short answers

Did NASA fake photos of the missions? No. Paolo Attivissimo, the Collins EVA photo.

Did Buzz Aldrin say that everything was an animation? No. The step-by-step picture on television was an artist's rendition, labeled as one. NASA, at 15:48. The live picture from the Moon as they left the LM: YouTube, at 17:42. The interviews are on Buzz Aldrin.

Were the Apollo 11 astronauts distraught at the news conference? No. It ran more than an hour. Some of it is listening, some of it is jokes. YouTube, at 8:49.

Did NASA say they cannot go through the Van Allen belts? No. NASA said radiation could affect Orion if it is not shielded, and that the shielding has to be engineered and tested before anyone rides it. YouTube, at 3:00. The longer account is Van Allen belts.

"Radiation like this can harm the guidance systems, onboard computers, or other electronics on Orion."

"But Orion has protection. Shielding will be put to the test as the vehicle cuts through the waves of radiation."

They are not saying the trip cannot be made. They are saying the systems have to be tested.

Landing-site photography, lander, experiments, footprints:

An interactive transcript, for the fun of it: Apollo 13, time-dependent events.

Stars

Russia landed two rovers on the Moon. One traveled 39 km, and the tracks have been photographed: LROC.

See also

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