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<!-- MediaWiki content; snapshot date: 2026-04-06 -->
{{series artemis ii}}
<!-- Local copies of File: uploads live in ./images/ for offline bundling. -->
{{Short description|Artemis II status and evidence overview as of 2026-04-06}}


= Artemis II (As of April 6, 2026) =
== Quick facts ==
* NASA reports Artemis II launched on April 1, 2026, at 6:35 p.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center.<ref name="nasa_launch_day">https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/live-artemis-ii-launch-day-updates/</ref>
* Crew: Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and CSA astronaut Jeremy Hansen.<ref name="nasa_press_kit">https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-ii-press-kit/</ref>
* Mission profile: roughly 10-day crewed lunar flyby and return using a free-return trajectory.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
* NASA published dated mission-event coverage for launch, translunar operations, and lunar flyby windows.<ref name="nasa_coverage">https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-2/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-ii-moon-mission/</ref>


== Why this page exists ==
== "Hello, World" paired images (about 19 seconds apart) ==
This page is a fact-first briefing for discussions with spaceflight skeptics, including flat-Earth and moon-landing denial audiences. It emphasizes claims that are independently verifiable from mission telemetry, international participation, and publicly published timelines.
NASA released two Earth photos taken seconds apart with different camera settings (one emphasizes the night side, the other is the widely shared "Hello, World" view). The mission article and gallery pages below are the primary web entry points.


== Executive snapshot ==
=== NASA web pages ===
* Artemis II is NASA's first crewed Artemis mission and first crewed lunar-vicinity mission since Apollo-era deep-space flights.<ref name="nasa_press_kit">https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-ii-press-kit/</ref>
* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/hello-world/ Hello, World] (image article)
* NASA reports Artemis II launched from Kennedy Space Center, Launch Complex 39B, on April 1, 2026, at 6:35 p.m. EDT.<ref name="nasa_launch_day">https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/live-artemis-ii-launch-day-updates/</ref>
* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/fd02_for-pao/ Hello, World] (large presentation image page)
* Crew: Reid Wiseman (Commander), Victor Glover (Pilot), Christina Koch (Mission Specialist), Jeremy Hansen of the Canadian Space Agency (Mission Specialist).<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e000193/ art002e000193] (backlit Earth, first in time)
* Mission design is an approximately 10-day crewed lunar flyby and return using a free-return trajectory architecture.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e000192/ Earth From the Perspective of Artemis II] (art002e000192, the "Hello, World" release asset)
* NASA mission coverage schedule for April 6, 2026 includes lunar flyby operations and key trajectory milestones (lunar sphere-of-influence entry, closest approach timing window, comms blackout behind the Moon, re-acquisition).<ref name="nasa_coverage">https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-2/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-ii-moon-mission/</ref>
* [https://www.nasa.gov/gallery/journey-to-the-moon/ Journey to the Moon gallery] (lists both assets among mission imagery)


== Official NASA imagery ==
=== Source files and EXIF metadata (originals + JSON) ===
The files below match the filenames in <code>flerf_wiki/images/</code>. After [[Special:Upload|upload]] to your wiki, the same <code><nowiki>[[File:...]]</nowiki></code> lines will render; until then, open the local JPGs or use the NASA source links in [[#Image source list|Image source list]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Asset ID !! NASA Images catalog !! Original JPG !! Machine-readable metadata
|-
| art002e000193 || [https://images.nasa.gov/details/art002e000193 images.nasa.gov] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e000193/art002e000193~orig.jpg orig] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e000193/metadata.json metadata.json]
|-
| art002e000192 || [https://images.nasa.gov/details/art002e000192 images.nasa.gov] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e000192/art002e000192~orig.jpg orig] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e000192/metadata.json metadata.json]
|}


<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
=== Capture times in UTC (from EXIF, with subseconds) ===
File:artemis_ii_launch_2026.jpg|'''Launch.''' SLS and Orion lift off on Artemis II from Launch Complex 39B, April 1, 2026, 6:35 p.m. EDT. ''NASA/Joel Kowsky.'' [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-launch-11/ NASA image page]
These times come from <code>EXIF:DateTimeOriginal</code> plus subsecond fields in NASA's <code>metadata.json</code> / ExifTool output on the <code>~orig.jpg</code> files.
File:artemis_ii_crew_walkout_2026.jpg|'''Crew walkout.''' Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen depart the Operations and Checkout Building for Launch Complex 39B, April 1, 2026. ''NASA/Aubrey Gemignani.'' [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-walkout/ NASA image page]
File:artemis_ii_orion_selfie.jpg|'''Orion in flight.''' High-resolution selfie from a camera on a solar array wing during external inspection, flight day 2. ''NASA/JSC.'' [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004357/ NASA image page]
File:artemis_ii_crescent_earth_orion.jpg|'''Crescent Earth.''' Sliver of Earth through an Orion window, flight day 3—shows illuminated limb geometry expected from cislunar vantage. ''NASA/JSC.'' [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004437/ NASA image page]
</gallery>


More galleries and video: [https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-ii-multimedia/ Artemis II multimedia].
* '''art002e000193 (first exposure):''' 2026-04-03 '''00:27:20.82 UTC'''
* '''art002e000192 ("Hello, World" / Earth From the Perspective):''' 2026-04-03 '''00:27:39.26 UTC'''
* '''Elapsed time between captures:''' 18.44 seconds (same pair NASA describes as seconds apart with different settings)


== Primary-source timeline (UTC-4 / EDT) ==
=== Time zone note (camera vs file processing) ===
=== April 1, 2026 (Launch Day) ===
Classic EXIF stores <code>DateTimeOriginal</code> without a time-zone suffix. These files also include <code>EXIF:OffsetTime</code> of <code>-05:00</code> on some tags, while <code>EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal</code> is absent. That pattern commonly reflects ground processing workstation timestamps, not a reliable claim that the camera shutter clock was set to UTC−5.
[[File:artemis_ii_launch_2026.jpg|thumb|right|300px|SLS and Orion lift off on Artemis II, April 1, 2026 (NASA/Joel Kowsky).]]
[[File:artemis_ii_crew_walkout_2026.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Artemis II crew walkout at Kennedy Space Center, April 1, 2026 (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani).]]
* 6:35 p.m. EDT liftoff stated by NASA.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" />
* Core stage main-engine cutoff and separation confirmed in NASA launch updates.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" />
* Orion solar array wings deployment confirmed post-launch in NASA updates.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" />


=== April 2, 2026 (Early mission orbit shaping) ===
For public mission timing, NASA's release context for this milestone aligns with reporting the capture instant in '''UTC''' as listed above (also consistent with subsecond ordering of the pair).
* NASA reports perigee-raise burn complete and preparations for translunar injection burn.<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/</ref>


=== April 6, 2026 (Lunar flyby day per NASA mission schedule) ===
=== Distance from Earth (NASA primary sources; not in JPEG EXIF) ===
* NASA lists April 6 lunar flyby coverage and milestones, including:
NASA does not embed '''range to Earth''' in the public JPEG EXIF for these assets. The camera EXIF times above are interpreted in '''UTC''' for mission discussion (see time-zone note). Distance must come from mission trajectory reporting and tracking products.
** Orion enters lunar sphere of influence.
** Predicted far-side communication loss and reacquisition.
** Closest approach/maximum-distance timing windows.
<ref name="nasa_coverage" />


== Strong evidence points for denial-resistant discussion ==
* '''Mission context (after translunar injection):''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/hello-world/ Hello, World] article states the photo was taken from Orion's window '''after completing the translunar injection burn''', on the outbound journey toward the Moon.
=== 1) Multi-party mission architecture (not one-organization-only) ===
* '''Before TLI (not the photo instant):''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-artemis-ii-mission-leaves-earth-orbit-for-flight-around-moon/ April 2 news release] says Orion was placed into a high Earth orbit extending '''about 46,000 miles''' above Earth for checkouts before the translunar injection burn.
Artemis II is not NASA-only in execution: crew includes a CSA astronaut, and Orion uses an ESA-built service module program element documented in NASA technical material.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
* '''Overall outbound geometry:''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-ii-press-kit/ Artemis II press kit] describes the post-TLI outbound path as tracing a figure eight that will extend '''more than 230,000 miles from Earth''' before returning home (maximum extent along the trajectory, not tied to a single photo time).
* '''Around Flight Day 3 (qualitative):''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/04/artemis-ii-flight-day-3-crew-prepares-cabin-for-lunar-flyby/ Flight Day 3 update] states the mission was '''more than halfway to the Moon''' while the crew prepared for the flyby.
* '''Bracketing anchor (later along the same leg):''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/04/artemis-ii-flight-day-4-deep-space-flying-lunar-flyby-prep/ Flight Day 4 update] reports that at crew wakeup on Flight Day 4, Orion was '''approximately 169,000 miles from Earth''' (and about 110,700 miles from the Moon). The Hello World pair was taken on '''2026-04-03 ~00:27 UTC''', '''about one Earth-day earlier''' on the outbound leg, so this is a '''later''' distance anchor: the spacecraft was '''farther from Earth at that April 4 wakeup than at the April 03 ~00:27 UTC exposures''', but still '''well beyond''' the pre-TLI high-Earth-orbit phase described in the news release.
* '''Where to read off exact miles for a given UTC time:''' NASA's [https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-2/track-nasas-artemis-ii-mission-in-real-time tracking article] and [https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis-ii/arow/ Artemis Real-time Orbit Website (AROW)] provide '''distance from Earth''' from mission state data (not from the photo files).
* '''Pair note:''' The two frames are '''19 seconds apart'''; for distance-to-Earth purposes they are the '''same''' position to practical precision.


=== 2) Continuous public operations stream ===
== Why this mission matters for evidence discussions ==
NASA published live launch and mission coverage plans plus recurring status briefings and downlinks through the mission window.<ref name="nasa_coverage" />
=== 1) It is not a single-organization story ===
This creates a broad public record rather than a single post hoc claim.
Artemis II includes international participation (CSA crew member) and partner hardware programs documented in mission material.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />


=== 3) Physics-constrained trajectory ===
=== 2) It has public, time-stamped operations ===
Artemis II mission documentation describes a free-return trajectory (Earth-Moon gravity-assisted return geometry), a classic, testable orbital mechanics profile used for mission safety margins.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
NASA published expected mission windows, event timings, and regular updates, including phases where communications are expected to drop behind the Moon and then return.<ref name="nasa_coverage" />


=== 4) Time-stamped event chain ===
=== 3) It uses a testable trajectory model ===
Launch, staging, burns, comm windows, and flyby windows are published with specific times and expected operations, enabling independent cross-checking against tracking and observatory data.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" /><ref name="nasa_coverage" />
The mission design is a free-return path in the Earth-Moon gravity system, which is an established, checkable orbital approach rather than an arbitrary claim.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />


=== 5) In-flight photography (geometry check) ===
== Mission timeline (primary-source snapshot) ==
[[File:artemis_ii_crescent_earth_orion.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Crescent Earth from Orion, flight day 3 (NASA/JSC).]]
=== April 1, 2026 (Launch Day) ===
[[File:artemis_ii_orion_selfie.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Orion solar-array selfie in space, flight day 2 (NASA/JSC).]]
[[File:artemis_ii_launch_2026.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Artemis II launch, April 1, 2026 (NASA/Joel Kowsky).]]
Mission-released stills show Earth as a distant illuminated body and Orion hardware in vacuum lighting—consistent with orbital mechanics and inconsistent with “all space imagery is staged in a studio” without ad hoc excuses. Compare timing and captions to the [https://www.nasa.gov/gallery/artemis-ii-flight-day-highlights/ Artemis II flight day highlights] gallery.
[[File:artemis_ii_crew_walkout_2026.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Artemis II crew walkout (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani).]]
* Liftoff reported at 6:35 p.m. EDT.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" />
* Core-stage cutoff/separation and Orion solar array deployment reported in mission updates.<ref name="nasa_launch_day" />


== Common denial claims vs evidence ==
=== April 2, 2026 ===
=== Claim: "No one can verify this except NASA." ===
* NASA reported perigee-raise burn completion and translunar injection preparation.<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/</ref>
'''Evidence:''' International crew and partner hardware, plus globally visible mission operations windows and publicly announced event timing, increase independent observability and reduce single-source dependency.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" /><ref name="nasa_coverage" />


=== Claim: "A moon mission would require impossible fuel." ===
=== April 6, 2026 (lunar flyby day in NASA schedule) ===
'''Evidence:''' Artemis II is not a lunar landing mission; it is a crewed flyby test using staged propulsion plus gravity-assisted free-return geometry specifically chosen for energy and safety efficiency.<ref name="nasa_press_kit" />
* NASA published flyby coverage windows, including lunar sphere-of-influence milestones and expected far-side communications loss/reacquisition periods.<ref name="nasa_coverage" />


=== Claim: "If they went behind the Moon, communications should fail." ===
== Imagery with source provenance ==
'''Evidence:''' NASA explicitly scheduled and communicated predicted temporary loss of signal during far-side passage, then reacquisition windows.<ref name="nasa_coverage" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="210">
That behavior is expected from line-of-sight radio geometry.
File:artemis_ii_launch_2026.jpg|Launch image with source page: [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-launch-11/ NASA].
File:artemis_ii_crew_walkout_2026.jpg|Crew walkout image with source page: [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-walkout/ NASA].
File:artemis_ii_orion_selfie.jpg|Orion in-flight selfie with source page: [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004357/ NASA].
File:artemis_ii_crescent_earth_orion.jpg|Crescent Earth image with source page: [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004437/ NASA].
</gallery>


== Discussion guidance for public debates ==
* Lead with narrow, verifiable claims (date/time/crew/trajectory) before broad conclusions.
* Prefer primary sources over commentary videos.
* Ask skeptics to provide a physically consistent alternative model that predicts:
** launch and stage events,
** burn timing,
** comms blackout behind the Moon,
** and return window,
all together.


== Limits and uncertainty notes ==
== Sources ==
This page is a snapshot as of April 6, 2026. In-mission timings can shift due to operations, lighting geometry, navigation updates, and mission management decisions. Use NASA mission pages for latest official updates.<ref name="nasa_coverage" />
<references />
 
== Image source list ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Local filename !! NASA page !! Direct download used
|-
| <code>images/artemis_ii_launch_2026.jpg</code> || [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-launch-11/ Artemis II Launch] || [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/55182789108-f13e3eb9ec-o.jpg JPG]
|-
| <code>images/artemis_ii_crew_walkout_2026.jpg</code> || [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/artemis-ii-walkout/ Artemis II Walkout] || [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/55182566975-062618c0a9-o.jpg JPG]
|-
| <code>images/artemis_ii_crescent_earth_orion.jpg</code> || [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004437/ Crescent Earth] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e004437/art002e004437~large.jpg JPG]
|-
| <code>images/artemis_ii_orion_selfie.jpg</code> || [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004357/ Orion selfie] || [https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e004357/art002e004357~large.jpg JPG]
|}
NASA media are generally U.S. government works; confirm on each image page before commercial reuse.


== Source quality verification process (original assets + EXIF) ==
==Further reading==
To prioritize highest-quality original-source media, this page now uses a repeatable verification workflow:
* [[Artemis Coverage]]
* [[Artemis Cope]]


# Start from NASA image-detail pages (human-readable provenance):
[[Category:Artemis II]]
#* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004437/ Crescent Earth]
#* [https://www.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-art002e004357/ Orion Snaps a Selfie During External Inspection]
# Resolve the NASA assets collection endpoint to identify the highest-fidelity original file (`~orig.jpg`):
#* <code>https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e004437/collection.json</code>
#* <code>https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/art002e004357/collection.json</code>
# Download and inspect EXIF with ExifTool:
#* <code>exiftool -Make -Model -ExposureTime -ShutterSpeedValue -FNumber -ISO -FocalLength -LensModel -DateTimeOriginal art002e004437~orig.jpg</code>
#* <code>exiftool -Make -Model -ExposureTime -ShutterSpeedValue -FNumber -ISO -FocalLength -LensModel -DateTimeOriginal art002e004357~orig.jpg</code>
 
=== Verified EXIF results ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Image !! Original file verified !! Camera make/model !! Exposure details
|-
| Crescent Earth || <code>art002e004437~orig.jpg</code> || NIKON CORPORATION / NIKON D5 || 1/640 s, f/18.0, ISO 500, 150.0 mm, Lens: 80.0-400.0 mm f/4.5-5.6, DateTimeOriginal 2026:04:03 23:38:59
|-
| Orion in flight (selfie) || <code>art002e004357~orig.jpg</code> || GoPro / HERO4 Black || 1/670 s, f/2.8, ISO 100, 3.0 mm, DateTimeOriginal 2026:04:03 12:48:33
|}
 
Interpretation note: this does not by itself prove every claim, but it does satisfy a strong provenance check that the files are original camera-derived assets with coherent acquisition metadata rather than stripped social-media re-encodes.
 
== Sources ==
<references />

Latest revision as of 20:27, 11 August 2026

Quick facts

  • NASA reports Artemis II launched on April 1, 2026, at 6:35 p.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center.[1]
  • Crew: Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and CSA astronaut Jeremy Hansen.[2]
  • Mission profile: roughly 10-day crewed lunar flyby and return using a free-return trajectory.[2]
  • NASA published dated mission-event coverage for launch, translunar operations, and lunar flyby windows.[3]

"Hello, World" paired images (about 19 seconds apart)

NASA released two Earth photos taken seconds apart with different camera settings (one emphasizes the night side, the other is the widely shared "Hello, World" view). The mission article and gallery pages below are the primary web entry points.

NASA web pages

Source files and EXIF metadata (originals + JSON)

Asset ID NASA Images catalog Original JPG Machine-readable metadata
art002e000193 images.nasa.gov orig metadata.json
art002e000192 images.nasa.gov orig metadata.json

Capture times in UTC (from EXIF, with subseconds)

These times come from EXIF:DateTimeOriginal plus subsecond fields in NASA's metadata.json / ExifTool output on the ~orig.jpg files.

  • art002e000193 (first exposure): 2026-04-03 00:27:20.82 UTC
  • art002e000192 ("Hello, World" / Earth From the Perspective): 2026-04-03 00:27:39.26 UTC
  • Elapsed time between captures: 18.44 seconds (same pair NASA describes as seconds apart with different settings)

Time zone note (camera vs file processing)

Classic EXIF stores DateTimeOriginal without a time-zone suffix. These files also include EXIF:OffsetTime of -05:00 on some tags, while EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal is absent. That pattern commonly reflects ground processing workstation timestamps, not a reliable claim that the camera shutter clock was set to UTC−5.

For public mission timing, NASA's release context for this milestone aligns with reporting the capture instant in UTC as listed above (also consistent with subsecond ordering of the pair).

Distance from Earth (NASA primary sources; not in JPEG EXIF)

NASA does not embed range to Earth in the public JPEG EXIF for these assets. The camera EXIF times above are interpreted in UTC for mission discussion (see time-zone note). Distance must come from mission trajectory reporting and tracking products.

  • Mission context (after translunar injection): NASA's Hello, World article states the photo was taken from Orion's window after completing the translunar injection burn, on the outbound journey toward the Moon.
  • Before TLI (not the photo instant): NASA's April 2 news release says Orion was placed into a high Earth orbit extending about 46,000 miles above Earth for checkouts before the translunar injection burn.
  • Overall outbound geometry: NASA's Artemis II press kit describes the post-TLI outbound path as tracing a figure eight that will extend more than 230,000 miles from Earth before returning home (maximum extent along the trajectory, not tied to a single photo time).
  • Around Flight Day 3 (qualitative): NASA's Flight Day 3 update states the mission was more than halfway to the Moon while the crew prepared for the flyby.
  • Bracketing anchor (later along the same leg): NASA's Flight Day 4 update reports that at crew wakeup on Flight Day 4, Orion was approximately 169,000 miles from Earth (and about 110,700 miles from the Moon). The Hello World pair was taken on 2026-04-03 ~00:27 UTC, about one Earth-day earlier on the outbound leg, so this is a later distance anchor: the spacecraft was farther from Earth at that April 4 wakeup than at the April 03 ~00:27 UTC exposures, but still well beyond the pre-TLI high-Earth-orbit phase described in the news release.
  • Where to read off exact miles for a given UTC time: NASA's tracking article and Artemis Real-time Orbit Website (AROW) provide distance from Earth from mission state data (not from the photo files).
  • Pair note: The two frames are 19 seconds apart; for distance-to-Earth purposes they are the same position to practical precision.

Why this mission matters for evidence discussions

1) It is not a single-organization story

Artemis II includes international participation (CSA crew member) and partner hardware programs documented in mission material.[2]

2) It has public, time-stamped operations

NASA published expected mission windows, event timings, and regular updates, including phases where communications are expected to drop behind the Moon and then return.[3]

3) It uses a testable trajectory model

The mission design is a free-return path in the Earth-Moon gravity system, which is an established, checkable orbital approach rather than an arbitrary claim.[2]

Mission timeline (primary-source snapshot)

April 1, 2026 (Launch Day)

Artemis II launch, April 1, 2026 (NASA/Joel Kowsky).
Artemis II crew walkout (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani).
  • Liftoff reported at 6:35 p.m. EDT.[1]
  • Core-stage cutoff/separation and Orion solar array deployment reported in mission updates.[1]

April 2, 2026

  • NASA reported perigee-raise burn completion and translunar injection preparation.[4]

April 6, 2026 (lunar flyby day in NASA schedule)

  • NASA published flyby coverage windows, including lunar sphere-of-influence milestones and expected far-side communications loss/reacquisition periods.[3]

Imagery with source provenance


Sources

Further reading